In this lab, we explore the effects of natural selection...

In this lab, we explore the effects of natural selection on a snail population in two separate environments. Natural Selection is a theory first introduced by Charles Darwin, who suggested that populations produce a large number of offspring which leads to limited resources for survival. This theory states that individuals who are best adapted to the environment are the ones who survive and live on to reproduce and pass on their genetic information to offspring. The adapted traits would accumulate and change the population over time. The environment determines which traits are most evolutionary desirable to an organism. If a population should move or should the environment change, a different set of traits would be the most advantageous†¦show more content†¦Results In the grassy habitat, the green allele frequency among the snail populations steadily increased as the brown allele frequency decreased. The BB and Bb genotype frequencies increased while the bb genotype frequenc y decreased. The green snail phenotype increased while the brown snail phenotype decreased. In the forest floor habitat, the brown allele frequency among the snails increased as the green allele frequency decreased. The BB and Bb genotype frequencies decreased while the bb genotype frequency increased. The brown snail phenotype increased while the green snail phenotype decreased. Discussion This lab is a fundamental example of Darwin’s theory of Natural Selection because it clearly shows the changes in population that were created because of traits that were considered to be the most advantageous in certain environments. These desired traits were then passed down to subsequent generations leading to a change in the overall genotype and phenotype frequencies of the population. This lab investigation also demonstrated the importance of environment in the role of natural selection. If the brown snails that lived in the grassy field had moved to a different location or had the environment changed, such as the grass in the habitat dying and turning brown, then their survival rates would have been much different.Show MoreRelatedMarketing Management130471 Words   |  522 Pagesreasons why marketing is considered important in this era To assess the various marketing approaches and principles 3. MARKETING MANAGEMENT: Marketing has evolved into a very important functional area in management basically due to the increasing supply and lower demand over the years. This is primarily through the competitive intensity in every sphere of the market. When competition increases, as you know, every firm wants to be heard in the market. This will make the firms to be different than

Kant s Philosophy Of Philosophy - 1220 Words

During the 18th century, the world was just reeling from the philosophical teachings of David Hume, when Immanuel Kant—Father of Western philosophy—entered the picture. Kant’s â€Å"central question was whether metaphysics—as the science of being itself—objects as they exist fundamentally and independently of our perceptions and interpretations, is possible† (Richards 1). It is said that Kant was sent to rescue philosophy from the hands of Hume. After consulting Hume’s works, however, Kant came to the â€Å"conclusion that metaphysics was not possible, but that we humans do it anyways† (Richards 1) So if metaphysics doesn’t exist, how do we create it anyways? Did Kant save Metaphysics, or bring it to an end? For Kant, the crux of metaphysics comes down to the viability of two varying explanations of gaining knowledge—Rationalism v. Empiricism. Before Kant could really beat down and kill metaphysics, he had to consi der and draw from the works of Hume and the rationalist approach to metaphysics. Rationalism is â€Å"a philosophy that holds (that) it is possible to gain knowledge of reality by reason alone; all human knowledge can be brought into a single deductive system† (Psychologydictionary.org). How can we gain knowledge from reason alone, about the universe? Well according to Hume, the contents of the mind consist of ideas—sense— and impressions—experience, â€Å"relations of ideas exemplified by mathematics† (Wake Forest University). Relations of ideas are the only statementsShow MoreRelatedKant s Philosophy Of Philosophy2351 Words   |  10 Pagesphilosopher, tutor and professor, Immanuel Kant, contributed highly complex deontological works of philosophy during the time of the Age of Enlightenment—an era when learned men in society urged others to live according to reason and individualism, rather than continuing simply to follow tradition. Thi s was a time for questioning, for employing scientific, evidentiary knowledge where once there had been action only according to faith, to unsupported beliefs. Kant s works aided in bringing important changesRead MoreKant s Philosophy On Moral Philosophy Essay1519 Words   |  7 PagesAlthough Kant s philosophy, outlined in The Groundwork for the Metaphysics of Morals, has some value as a moral guide, it alone is not always sufficient. After analysing Kant s objective moral imperative, I will show that implementing his philosophy has the potential to permit what is considered to be immoral. This is due to its rigid conditions, which are formed on the basis that he believes in the existence of a perfect morality that always holds true. However, I will argue that there is notRead MoreImmanuel Kant s Philosophy And Philosophy1389 Words   |  6 PagesResearch Paper- Immanuel Kant Immanuel Kant was a famous philosopher whose philosophical influences impacted almost every new philosophical idea, theory, concept etc. In a sense, he was considered the central face of contemporary philosophy. Kant spent his whole life in Russia. Starting out as a tutor, to then a professor, he lectured about everything; from geography to obviously philosophy. In his early life, he was raised to emphasize faith and religious feelings over reason and theological principlesRead MoreImmanuel Kant s Philosophy On Philosophy844 Words   |  4 Pagesnot know where and what to follow. Therefore, many philosophers came up with ideas to convince people to live  ¨better ¨. Rationalism related with the overview of mathematical approaches into philosophy during the period by the major rationalist figures such as Descartes, Leibniz and Spinoza developed people ´s way of thinking in many different ways. Rationalism is perspective which engages the rational and deductive reason, an opposit e structure from personal experience or teachings as the foundationRead MoreKant And Kant s Philosophy1657 Words   |  7 Pagesuniversal a priori condition which alone things can become objects of our cognition in general[.]† -Immanuel Kant, p 20 of Critique of Judgment This quote most aptly describes Kant’s purpose in writing a critique of aesthetic judgment, with the most important term being â€Å"transcendental.† The Oxford Dictionary defines the word as â€Å"presupposed in and necessary to experience† (what Kant refers to as a priori). In this sense, it is something that pertains to elements of human experience and thenRead MoreKant And Kant s Moral Philosophy Essay1709 Words   |  7 PagesMoral Philosophy Every moral philosopher has their own moral approach and method to arriving at a moral decision. This is an overview of Kant, Mill, Aristotle and Held s moral approaches as well as their similarities and differences to each other. Kant s main point in The Categorical Imperative is that the morality of one s actions should be judged based on the motives behind the action. Kant also states that the only correct maxims are those which are universal laws. According to Kant, ourRead MoreKant s Philosophy On Moral Philosophy1515 Words   |  7 PagesImmanuel Kant presented his most notable positions on moral philosophy in his book The Groundwork of Metaphysics of Morals. Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel subsequently presented a number of objections to Kant’s positions, mainly in his book The Phenomenology of Spirit. Hegel presents objections to Kant in two different ways, implicitly and explicitly. Hegel gives arguments against Kant’s moral theory as well as the general philosophical thought that produces the moral theory that Kant presents. ButRead MoreKant And Kant s Philosophy2023 Words   |  9 PagesImmanuel Kant was an exceptional philosopher who often fantasized about the wonders of the human per ception. Through the power of imagination in the human mind Kant was able to postulate possible answers to the great questions of existence. He was daring and bold to wonder what constitutes the beauty of the human soul, how the existence of an all-powerful entity would be possible, and also what do human beings really do to perceive their surroundings. With such notable works as Critiques of PracticalRead MoreKant s Philosophy On Moral Philosophy1991 Words   |  8 PagesKant really focuses his arguments regarding to moral rules that are necessary and universal, such as moral law that would hold up to all rational beings. In Kantian ethics, Kant offers two different explanations of moral law, the formula of the universal law of nature and the formula of humanity as an end in itself. In this paper, I am going to focus on explaining, reconstruct, and analyze on the first topic which is the formula of the universal law of nature regarding to the lying promise. KantRead MoreKant And Kant s Theory Of Philosophy953 Words   |  4 PagesINFLUENCED BY: Kant was influenced by the scientist known for discovering gravity, Isaac Newton. Kant viewed the universe in a very mechanistic way, i.e., things operated according to fixed rules and emphasized the pre-eminence of reason as an authority for knowledge. It was this emphasis on reason that lead him towards his deontological theory, therefore he was concerned with the actions, not the consequences. Kant theory was influenced by: †¢ Religion: Kant thinking was used in Britain to challenge

Impact of culture on cross cultural managerial practices Free Essays

Introduction In this study the researcher has chosen to compare and contrast the managerial practices of British and Chinese managers in relation to their respective cultures and how their cultures affect their management. Amongst the nations of the world, the People’s Republic of China stands out as an economic giant. Several decades ago the Gross Domestic Product of China had grown up to 10 per cent per year and in the twenty first century, China has become the third largest consumer in the world (The Economist, 1994; Davies, 1889; People’s Daily, 1998). We will write a custom essay sample on Impact of culture on cross cultural managerial practices: or any similar topic only for you Order Now Thus as the significance of China in the global market is gradually increasing, the managerial ideology of the Chinese business sector have also started being well-documented so that Western businesses can refer to them when interacting with the communist-influenced managers (Weiss Bloom, 1990; Tung, 1988). The cultural and societal values of China include individualism, Confucianism and collectivism, the reflection of which can be seen in the practices of Chinese managers in addition to their paradoxical struggle to keep a balance between traditions and modernity (Bond, 1991; Boisot Child, 1996; Redding, 1990; Ralston, Yu, Wang, Terpstre He, 1996). China’s coastal city Shanghai, has been an international trading and commercial centre for several centuries [Yeung Hu, 1992]. Studies on economy, education and technology indicate that Shanghai was industrialized before the Communist revolution in 1949, Furthermore, the city also largely benefited from the economic reform in 1980s and is amongst the designated â€Å"fourteen open cities† of China. Shanghai and Beijing have the longest heritage of University qualified managers and these two cities of China have the highest emphasis on education. A comparison of the two cities has been elaborated below: TABLE 1 Summary of the Historic, Geographic, Economic and Educational Characteristics of the Two Cities NORTH CENTRAL [Beijing]EAST CENTRAL [Shanghai] 1LOCATION CHARACTERISTICS A.Costal or inland locationINLANDCOASTAL B.Located on navigable waterYESYES C.Opened to foreigners after the Opium War-1840NOYES D.Foreign commercial and trading center over the past centuryNOYES 2INDUSTRIALIZATION CHARACTERISTICS A.1980s economic reform (one of the 14 open cities)NOYES B.Industrialized pre- or post- Communist RevolutionPOST-1949PRE-1949 C.Level of industrial output in the region (1990)MODERATEHIGH D.Increase in output per capita (1984-1990)MOD/LOWHIGH 3EDUCATION CHARACTERISTICS A.Educational emphasis (students enrolled in college per 1,000 inhabitants)10.97.5 B.Beginning of educational emphasis (length of time that college education was available)1890s1910s Table 1 (Ralston, Cheng and Wang 1996) Based on these regional differences, and the focus of this report on the compatibility of regional values with Western values, a number of speculations can be made: the managers in Shanghai, due to their vast exposure to International markets have more probabilities of adopting Western-oriented styles of communication and negotiation, due to the higher level of technology, education, foreign trade and industrialization in Shanghai. Also, education has tended to make these individuals more inquisitive, and thus, more likely to be open to a new values orientation. Chinese Versus British Managerial Practices: Likemost of the Asian managers, the Chinese prefer establishment of a healthy working relationship while the main focus of their British counterpart is actually getting a contract signed (Pye, 1982). Due to the high amount of value placed in tradition and conformity, the Chinese managers tend to depend more upon an avoiding style, they tend to be indirect and formal in their speech and try to create a win-win situation while the British managers are frank and keep a light and open working environment (Salacuse, 1998). According to Liu (2000), the organizational commitment observed by the Chinese managers is a top to bottom social exchange between the employer and the employees with a focus on organizational development while according to Kanungo and Wright (1983) the British managers give more significance to autonomy and individual achievement. In the following figure, the cross-cultural differences are conceptualized. As shown below, the development policy of Chinese comes in the d imensions of social exchange and staying developed while that of the British management is more inclined towards economic exchange. Liu (2000). The European and Chinese negotiation styles vary in accordance with their region, language spoken, nationality, and other situational factors. According to a research the British negotiators are aggressive in their dealings while the Orientals stay surprisingly calm (Brett et al., 2001). Bass and Eldridge (1973) noted that the successful manger from U.K. placed great emphasis on the motive of profit building whereas their Chinese counterparts gave more significance to ending the deal with a good note. While studying the numerous value differences between managers from different countries including the United Kingdom and China, Ralston et al. (1992) revealed greater intra-cultural variance than inter-culture. According to the survey research conducted by Salacuse in 1998, a number of factors have been brought forward in his research, on the basis of which the cultural backgrounds of Chinese and British managers differ in their conduct namely: Aim of communication(contract or relationship) Personal style Agreement building process Communication style Negotiation attitude Time sensitivity Emotionalism In the same research the author has drawn a comparison between the negotiating styles of Chinese and British managers, which as depicted in the results are very opposite to one another. Following are some of the enlisted differences: Chinese NegotiatorsBritish Negotiators Negotiation goal: contract45 percent47 percent Negotiation attitude: win-win82 percent59 percent Personal style: formal46 percent35 percent Communication: Direct82 percent88 percent Time sensitivity: high91 percent94 percent Emotionalism: high73 percent47 percent Form of Agreement: general27 percent11 percent Salacuse (1998). International Negotiation and Communications: According to Ralston et al. (1992), in a global economy, it is crucial to understand the values and behaviour of managers, since most of the time the business philosophy of a country depends upon the values and cultures held by the managers. In addition to this, Tung and Miller (1990) also noted that in order to build a healthy cross-cultural working relationship it is necessary to understand the values and attitudes of the counterpart. A recurrent idea in international business studies is that problematic misunderstandings arise when culturally differing managers get together to resolve a conflict (Adler Graham, 1989; Maddox, 1993, Hofstede, 1991). Negotiation may be defined as an exchange of signals, and since different nations have different signalling languages, the opposite party can easily misinterpret or misread a message. According to Pye (1982, pp. 20-23), the Western managers often have problems communicating with the Orientals due to their diverse cultural backgrounds: â€Å"Unquestionably the largest and the most intractable category of problems Sino-American (or European) business negotiations can be traced to the cultural differences between the two societies†¦ Conscious efforts to take into account the other party’s cultural practices can eliminate gross misunderstandings but cultural factors continue to surface and cause problems in more subtle and indirect ways†. References: Adler, Nancy J. Graham, J. L., 1989. Cross-Cultural Interaction: The International Comparison FallacyJournal Of International Business Studies, 20(3), Pp.515-37. Adler, Nancy J. Jelinek., M., 1986. Is â€Å"Organization Culture† Culture BoundHuman Resource Management, 25, Pp.73-90. Bass, Bernard M. Eldridge, Larry D., 1973. Accelerated Managers’ Objectives In Twelve Countries. Industrial Relations, 12, Pp.157-71. Black J. Stewart Porter, L. W., 1991. Managerial Behaviors An Job Performance: A Successful Manager In Los Angeles May Not Succeed In Hong Kong. Journal Of International Business Studies, 22(1), Pp.99-113 Boisot, M. Child, J., 1996. From Fiefs To Cland And Network Capitalism: Explaining China’s Emerging Economic Order. Administrative Science Quarterly, 41, Pp.600-28. Bond, M. H., 1991. Beyond The Chinese Face. Hong Kong: Oxford University Press. Brett Et Al. (2001). Negotiating Behavior When Cultures Collide: The United States And Japan. Journal Of Applied Psychology, 86(3). Davies, B., 1998. The Biggest Market Retains Its Lustre. Asiamoney, 8(10), Pp.47-49. Erez, M., 1986. The Congruence Of Goal Setting Strategies With Social-Cultural Values And Its Effect On Performance. Journal Of Management, 12, Pp.585-92. Graham, John L. (1993). The Japanese Negotation Style: Characteristics Of A Distinct Approach. Negotiation Journal. Pp.123-139. Hoebel, E. A., 1972. Anthropology: The Study Of Man. 4th Ed. New York: Mcgraw-Hill. Hofstede, Geert, (1985). â€Å"The Interaction Between National And Organizational Value Systems.† Journal Of Management Studies. 22 (4), Pp. 347–357. Hofstede, Geert, 1991. Cultures And Organizations: Software Of The Mind. London: Mcgraw-Hill. Hofstede, Geert,. 1993. Cultural Constraints In Management Theories. Academy Of Management Executive, 7(1), Pp.81-94. Kanungo, R. N. Wright, R. W., 1983. A Cross-Cultural Comparative Study Of Managerial Job Attitudes. Journal Of International Business Studies, 14(2): Pp.115-29. Lebaron, Michelle. (2003). â€Å"Culture-Based Negotiation Styles.† Beyond Intractability. Eds. Guy Burgess And Heidi Burgess. Conflict Information Consortium, University Of Colorado, Boulder. Posted: July 2003 . Liu, X. P., 2000. The Study Of Organizational Commitment And Its Developmental Mechanism. Unpublished Phd Dissertation In I/O Psychology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou. Maddox, R. C., 1993. Cross-Cultural Problems In International Business: The Role Of The Cultural Integration Function. Westport, Quorum Books. Pye, L., 1982. Chinese Negotiation Style. Cambridge, Oelgeschlager, Gunn Hain. Ralstion, D. A., Holt, D. H., Terpstra, R. H. Yu, Kai-Cheng, 1997. The Impact Of National Cultural And Economic Ideology On Managerial Work Values: A Study Of The United States, Russia, Japan And China. Journal Of International Business Studies, 28(1), Pp.177-207. Redding, S. G., 1990. The Spirit Of Chinese Capitalism. Berlin, Walter De Gruyter. Salacuse, Jeswald, W. (1998). Ten Ways That Culture Affects Negotiation Styles: Some Survey Results. Negotiation Journal. Pp. 221-239. Tung Miller, E. L., 1990. Managing In The Twenty-First Century: The Need For Global Orientation. Management International Review, 30, Pp.5-18 Tung, R. L., 1981. Selection And Training Of Personnel For Overseas Assignments. Columbia Journal Of World Business, 16, Pp.68-78. Weiss, J. W. Bloom, S., 1990. Managing In China: Expatriates Experiences And Training Recommendations. Business Horizons, 33(3), Pp.23-39. Zartman, I. W., 1993. A Skeptic’s View. In Culture And Negotiation, Newbury Park, Sage. How to cite Impact of culture on cross cultural managerial practices:, Essay examples

Alternative Budgetary Systems

Question: Discuss alternative budgetary systems that may be more useful given the changing nature of the business environment. Answer: Introduction: In simple word, budget is an estimated quantitative expression for a set period. On the business perspective we can say that budget is a financial and quantitative statement prepared prior to a defined period of time of the policy to be performed for the purpose of attaining a given business objectives (Amans, Mazars-Chapelon and Villesque-Dubus 2015). The main objective of budgeting and budgetary control in an organisation is all about Planning, Co-ordination, Communication, Motivation, Controlling, Performance Evaluation and clarification of authority and responsibility (Rabiu et al. 2015). Due to rapidly changing environment, organisations may face difficulties in maintaining actual results with the standard, which only enable forecasts and predictions to be made out in future. In this context, the different types of budgetary control system have been opted to fulfil separate business criteria for specific financial target of performances. In this assignment, we are going to discuss the alternative budgetary systems, which organisations may incorporate into their financial planning and controlling process. It will explore Zero based budgeting, Activity based budgeting and Rolling budgeting for understanding different approaches and the pattern of their work. Discussion: The thought of rebuilding the company budget from the scratches can be a nightmare-inducing. Wiping the financial slate clean and starting from ground level is the main theme of Zero-based budgeting which never is an option to be considered as a normal business scenario. In case of ZBB, reviewed by budgeters of every program and expenditure before starting of budget cycle and justify each line item in case of receiving funding (Rigby and Bilodeau 2015). Therefore, it is a process by which funds are allocated based on the program efficiency and as per requirements rather than budget history. ZBB has a power to adopt any type of cost while incorporation of budgetary control such as operating expenses, capital expenditure, general and administrative costs, sales, variable distribution, marketing costs and cost of goods sold as well. At the successful planning of ZBB, organisations can generate radical savings and frees businesses from entrenched department and methodologies. The main highlights of Zero-based Budgeting are as follows: There is no relation with prior year spending with the ZBB budget (Ibrahim 2015). ZBB restricts increment and cuts of spending by not spreading evenly across budget. Budgets are engaged with specific activities and level of business services The entire funding system is targeted more on activities that align with the business strategies. The advantages of ZBB are as follows: It catalyzes broader perspective with departments across the organisation Resulting budget is well organised and justified and aligned to strategy ZBB increases operational efficiency by stringent challenging of assumptions The entire concept is supporting cost reduction by avoiding automatic budget enhancement in result of savings. The disadvantages of ZBB are as follows: The entire budgeting procedure is costly and time consuming as ZBB is rebuilt from deep within annually. In other case, the traditional budgets are maintained simple form and justification needed only for incremental changes. The ZBB procedure is risky because the potential savings are uncertain ZBB may face business cycle timing constraints at the time of execution It may be troublesome to the operation of the organisation The organisational culture or brand reputation could harm with the use of ZBB Specialised personnel are the pre-requirement for execution of this type of budgetary system into the management process. According to Kaplan and Atkinson 2015, Activity based Budgeting is process mainly based on the framework of the business activities. The entire budget is classified with the type of activities of the organisation. Once the full cost of each activity has been calculated the information about the cost driver has been formed and recorded and analysed by the responsible authority. We can describe how this budget is worked in the business environment with an example. For instances, there are two different stages of operation being performed by a manufacturing company of Mobile: related activity mechanism, assembling and the hour rate of each unit manufactured. With the help of two activities, the management might be able to save financial figure by accelerating the batch production, reduction of manufacturing time or even two activities composition may made happen. Therefore, ABB would not only function as monetary saver but can also enforce towards examine each activity. Bu ABB approache s, the management can become familiar with the production process of the business. For the formulation of ABB, the cost-driver is the main driving force for the analysis of profit potentiality of the product or services (Mahieu, Vroman, and Calluy 2015). Therefore, the entire concept of ABB can be divided into three stages: Activity identification and implementation of cost drivers into the business process Forecast the unit number of cost driver for the activity level requirements Ascertain different rates of the cost drivers The key advantages of ABB are as follows: Activity based Budgeting draws attention to related activities of overhead and their associated costs. The more emphasises are given towards the control of such activity costs and try to control the activity volume. While traditional budgeting approach tends to focus on only input costs, ABB maintains to concentrate more on outputs-based approach and recognise the related driver costs of activities (Mahal and Hossain 2015). The entire procedure followed the collection of activities and relate to the entire perspective that links well with the corresponding strategy of organisations. The following are the main disadvantages of Activity based Budgeting: The process of ABB can be considered as difficult by most of the people because organisations want to purchase certain type of activity based budgeting software while executing this budget technique into the particular system. In addition, organisations need to purchase such expensive software at the time of processing this type of budget and pay for licenses. Therefore, the financial burden is associated with the ABB approach. Another thing is that people of the organisation needs to inherently understand how to do this activity based budgeting to work. This is a long-term process to execute properly because every departmental manager of businesses requires to be understood the activity procedure and identify the main drivers related to that. In that case, this can lead to lost revenue and unproductive work sessions for those corresponding departments. In most of the cases, individuals are in charge of the business to handle budgeting and not management of the department. So, it is difficult to implement such alternative budgeting approach into the system. The Rolling budget is the process, mainly used in the changing nature of the business. It forecasts key business drivers, which are evaluated on a continual basis (Liang and Ordasi 2015). This leading planning tool will help businesses find opportunities amid persistent volatility and intense competition. The main objective of this kind of budgetary system is to foresee the relevant risks and opportunities by the dynamic business environment. It is not about the period updating against the annual budget and not associated with a particular financial year. Thus, the Rolling budget mainly discusses the involvement of the incremental extension of the existing budget model of organisations (Mejzini and Seidel 2015). When a business produces a one year static budget, some budget activities now are repeated every month. This is the context when the concept of rolling budget appears. Furthermore, if the company applies participative budgeting to establish its budget on a rolling basis, the total attending time of employee used over the course of year is substantial. As a result of which, it is best to use as learner approach to a rolling budget with fewer people involvement in the process. For example, XYZ Company has adopted a twelve month planning horizon for the period of January to December. Now after the period of January is complete, planning should be made for the following January by adding a new budget. So it still has a twelve month planning horizon that now extended from February of the recent year to January of the next year. In this way, the continuous forecasting takes place in the form of rolling budget. There are many advantages of rolling budget in the changing business scenario. The entire system includes, changes from the previous period into the next, maintain continuity and oversight. Therefore, it is a more up-to-date than a static budget which generally does not consider the changes made during the forecasting period. In means it is more flexible compare to static budgets. Rolling budget helps management to be more responsive for the unexpected changes in the various business circumstances. Rather than assessing performance based on the previous record like in static budget, the organisation more concentrated on target based performances in the case of rolling budget (Novyarni 2015). On the other way, the rolling budget concept is also criticized by many ways. Preparation of rolling budget is not adjustable when the circumstances are not changing rapidly (Kaplan and Atkinson 2015). In that context, it may be considered as a waste of time budgeting procedure. Secondly, Rolling budgets are generally prepared for a shorter time frame and do not have a wide perspective. Therefore, the decisions and business vision may have the potential depth requirement for growing any business. Conclusion: By the above discussion it can be easily understood that alternative budgeting procedures can be applied based on the specific business requirements. The rolling forecast takes place for maintain continuance with the existing business process. On the other hand, the ABB concept is more likely to identification of cost drivers and make budget based on activity based approach. Lastly, a complete renewal procedure is used for zero based budgeting where budgets are made from the scratches. References: Amans, P., Mazars-Chapelon, A. and Villesque-Dubus, F., 2015. Budgeting in institutional complexity: The case of performing arts organizations. Management Accounting Research, 27, pp.47-66. Bedford, D.S. and Malmi, T., 2015. Configurations of control: An exploratory analysis. Management Accounting Research, 27, pp.2-26. Ibrahim, M.M., 2015. A Budget for All Seasons. International Review of Management and Business Research, 4(4 Part 1), p.963. Kaplan, R.S. and Atkinson, A.A., 2015. Advanced management accounting. PHI Learning. Liang, Y. and Ordasi, C., 2015. Analysing the Role of Rolling Forecast from a Broad Perspective. Mahal, I. and Hossain, M.A., 2015. Activity-Based Costing (ABC)An Effective Tool for Better Management. Research Journal of Finance and Accounting, 6(4), pp.66-73. Mahieu, K., Vroman, S. and Calluy, P., 2015. Asset-based Budgeting in Practice. Controlling Management Review, 59(5), pp.29-37. Mejzini, N. and Seidel, H., 2015. Challenging the Principles of the Beyond Budgeting Model: Can you really go beyond?. Novyarni, N., 2015. Integrated Approach to Budget (Unified Budget Approach) Implementation Evaluation and Medium-Term Expenditure Framework in Supporting the Implementation of Performance Based Budgeting in Bandung and Cimahi City Government in West Java. Research Journal of Finance and Accounting, 6(2), pp.69-78. Rabiu, A.S., Goni, K., Alhaji, A.M. and Aliyu, M.T., 2015. The Role Of Budget And Budgetary Control On Organisational Performance: A Case Study Of Tahir Guest House, Kano State, Nigeria. Journal of Business Management Economics, 3(4). Rigby, D. and Bilodeau, B., 2015. Management Tools Trends 2015. London, Bain Company.

A Punk Hero essays

A Punk Hero essays Growing up, there are many unexplainable feelings and emotions a teenager may face. A good way of dealing with these emotions is to relate to a literary or sports figure that has had success in their life. I would never imagine how Kurt Cobain could embody both the frustration of my adolescence and express the distress through his music. Through analyzing the success of Nirvana, the meaning of their songs, and the effects on my life it becomes clear Kurt Cobain has become one of rocks most influential figures. This punk Seattle band moved almost mainstream almost overnight. Nirvana caught on fast and changed rock and roll music forever and molded the music of the 90s, alternative. With the support Kurt hated the music of big rock bands like the Sex Pistols, Rolling Stones and Aerosmith. He felt their lyrics were sexist and pointless with no meaning. Kurt was a very sensitive and emotional person, a characteristic that showed through all of his songs. Eventually he became so famous that he a cult following. The songs exemplified the kids world. In the song Dumb Kurt sings, I think Im dumb over and over again to show how his years of neglect from his peers at high school and his family made him feel as if he was to blame. Kids relate to his music because it portrays how the world was so cruel and how he and the kids were treated badly. He was responsible for the most creative rock music of the last decade. Kurt didnt have to hide behind face paint or wear tight clothes to grab attention as the other rock stars. He wore flannels and jeans, something that every other kid wore, and he wasnt ashamed by it. In one song Come As You Are Kurt sings Come as you are as I want you to be. He wanted to show the youth that they dont have to follow the crowd and do something someone else wants them to do to fit in. Every modern alternative song has a tin...

Voyeurism in Rear Window and the essays

Voyeurism in Rear Window and the essays Voyeurism in Rear Window and the Post-War Crisis of Masculinity Alfred Hitchcocks 1954 production Rear Window is undoubtedly a film that is concerned with voyeurism. It has been argued that it thematises cinematic spectatorship in the sense that it is a movie about watching movies. This is because the central character Jeff is confined to his wheelchair watching the people in the windows across the courtyard similar to the cinemagoer that is confined to their seat with the sole purpose to gaze upon the screen that tells the story of other peoples lives. This voyeuristic element that is fundamental to the plot of the film can be seen as a response to the crisis of masculinity that occurred in America in the era immediately after the Second World War. This paper will examine key arguments put forward by leading theorists such as Laura Mulvey, Elise Lemire, John Belton and Tania Modleski to elaborate upon the intentions and complications of voyeurism in Rear Window. However, as well as the historical information of 1950s American society, it is also important to acknowledge the role and influence of Paramount on its productions in the 1950s. Paramount wanted financial success in the box office from its big productions like Rear Window, and it achieved this by grossing $5.3million in its year of release 1954, $4.5million on its reissue in 1962 and another $12million on its re-release in 1983 (1). Therefore ultimately Rear Window is an example of classical Hollywood cinema as Bordwell and Thompson define it. The narrative therefore alternates between murder mystery and love story, intertwining the two through the theme of voyeurism (2). This is the perfect example of classical Hollywood cinema due to the fact that the narrative consists of two plot lines: one involving heterosexual romance..., the other line involving another sphere work, war, a mission or quest...The story ends ...

The Differences between Secondary and Primary Sources Assignment

The Differences between Secondary and Primary Sources - Assignment Example According to her, the secondary sources are the scholarly books that are based on primary sources data but are analyzed, criticized and interpreted and thus restructured. She presents the case of diary entries by Annie Frank from the time she was 13 where Anne discusses her everyday thoughts in details. When they are just extracted but not edited, primary sources can also be used as secondary sources. Secondary sources comprise of publications like books, magazines, and manuscripts. Secondary sources are open to problems generated by translation, misinterpretation, and massive editing of the data while the primary sources are more prone to feelings of the writer. For example, where paintings and exist in good conditions, it would be pointless to edit them for research or historical purposes. That a historian uses primary or secondary sources will greatly influence the credibility of their work. This is because, with primary sources, there is a greater benefit of the doubt as it is in its raw form compared to secondary sources which are heavily adapted. The problems faced by historians during the research are subjectivity, the immense of the work under study, authenticity, the choice of subject to study and problem of historical knowledge. According to Adeoti and Adeyeri, the problem of the choice of study is more menacing. Consider a person interested in studying the evolution of man. The historian has to ask and answer questions such as; does the historical evidence exist? Which part of that has not been possibly covered before?. When the evidence exists, they may be inaccessible to the historian due to bureaucratic and logistical difficulties such as traveling and forgeries.

Gandhi's VS. Martin Luther King's Views on Nonviolence Essay

Gandhi's VS. Martin Luther King's Views on Nonviolence - Essay Example Nonviolence is the â€Å"doctrine, policy, or practice of rejecting violence in favor of peaceful tactics as a means of gaining political objectives† (TheFreeDictionary, 2012). Nonviolence can also mean the â€Å"abstention from the use of physical force to achieve goals† (TheFreeDictionary, 2012). While Martin Luther King considers nonviolence as the fundamental code of life in all situations irrespective of the complexity of the circumstances, Mahatma Gandhi believed in a balance between violence and nonviolence to attain a holistic control over both the external and the internal factors influencing one’s life. This paper draws a comparison between the views of Martin Luther King and Mahatma Gandhi regarding nonviolence. Martin Luther King’s Views on Nonviolence Martin Luther King thought of the society as one unit in which if one is affected by the violence in some way, its consequences are borne by all people in the society indirectly.Therefore, the fi rst and the foremost responsibility of every citizen is to feel this sense of belongingness and concernedness when somebody experiences violence. Martin Luther King believed that a nonviolent campaign basically consists of four steps; determination of the existence of injustice by collection of facts, dialogue, self-purification, and lastly, the direct action. None of these steps imparts the need for one to be violent in one’s attempt to eradicate violence from the society and spread peace. Even the â€Å"direct action† which apparently seems to be a little rough approach towards the resolution of the matter is not-so-rough in the real sense, as it is also nonviolent. Examples of the nonviolent direct action are marches and sit-ins. The only purpose of these nonviolent direct actions is to convince the other party to conduct dialogue and negotiations with the concerned party to ease the tension. While negotiation is a fairly effective way of reducing tension between tw o or more parties, the results are not always very objective and solid because of the non-seriousness of some people in the concerned groups. Mahatma Gandhi’s Views on Nonviolence Unlike Martin Luther King, Gandhi has considered violence not only a useful but also compulsory way of attaining control over the external factors. â€Å"Violence is needed for the protection of things external, non-violence is needed for the protection of the Atma, for the protection of one’s honor† (Gandhi cited in Kripalani and Radhakrishnan, 1958, p. 86). From this quotation of Gandhi, it can be inferred that Gandhi considered one’s self to be incomplete without either of the two; violence and nonviolence. Gandhi considered that it was equally important, if not more, for an individual to be violent as nonviolent. Conclusion Comparing Gandhi’s and Martin Luther King’s views of resolution of issues, it becomes clear that Martin Luther King and Gandhi were on oppo site ends of the continuum with respect to the acceptability towards self-violence in life. Gandhi’s approach is rougher but more practical as compared to that of Martin Luther King. The approach towards the resolution of issues proposed by Marin Luther King requires an individual to display extreme endurance and patience, which does not always lead the individual to the wanted results in the right time. In the contemporary world in which discrimination and segregation on the basis of caste, creed, and culture is so common, it is beyond doubt that the ones enjoying the superior status do not like to step down to the level of the victims of discrimination and segregation so that negotiation can be carried out. The first and the foremost prerequisite of

Discuss how clinical protocols tie into quality management programs Research Paper

Discuss how clinical protocols tie into quality management programs within in the clinical setting - Research Paper Example Brown et al., second this in their study on quality assurance in healthcare in developing countries when they stress on the fact that improving quality actually pays rather than costs, and how health managers with limited budgets cannot afford to ignore that fact (Brown, Franco, Rafeh & Hatzell, n.d.). Buttell et al., mention a few clinical measures recommended by the Institute of Medicine, which are; to improve leadership and knowledge, to identify and learn from errors, to set performance standards and expectations for safety and to implement safety systems in health care organizations (Buttell, Hendler & Daley, 2007). A safe healthcare environment is essential for any medical or clinical institution. Clinical protocols must be followed to ensure quality management and control. They tie into quality management programs within the clinical setting by making healthcare safe, effective, patient-centered, apt, resourceful and impartial.  The thing that  should be aiming for, is constant  improvement. So that, future generations may also benefit from improved healthcare standards as a result of following clinical protocols. In order to achieve the objective of uninterrupted  improvement, merely defining the parameters of what quality care actually is will definitely not be sufficient although the mission hasn’t quite reached completion. Brown, L. D., Franco, L.M., Rafeh, N., Hatzell, T. (n.d.). Quality Assurance of Health Care in Developing Countries. Quality Assurance Methodology Refinement Series. Retrieved from http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/Pnabq044.pdf Buttell, P., Hendler, R., Daley, J. (2007). Quality in Healthcare: Concepts and Practice. The Business of Healthcare. Retrieved from

Multiculturalism in Social Policy

Multiculturalism in Social Policy Introduction The 1948 British Nationality Act, granted favorable immigration rights to Citizens of Commonwealth countries (Giddens, 4th ed. 2001:264). This, along with offers of job opportunities due to a labour shortage in post-war Britain meant that the country experienced immigration on an unprecedented scale. In the beginning men came leaving their families behind. By the late 1960s and early seventies women and children were coming to join them. The newcomers settled in London, in the Midlands and the North and in the seaport towns of Liverpool and Cardiff. They were Hindus, Sikhs, Muslims and Buddhists as well as Christians estimates of the numbers in religious groups are problematic. This turned the UK into an ethnically and religiously diverse community. Braham, Rattansi and Skellington (1992) contend that between 1950 and 1955 the numbers of West Indian, Indian and Pakistani immigrants became a matter of considerable debate within the cabinet and various measures to control the influx to the UK were considered. This mixed community is still growing in spite of the fact that government immigration policy makes it increasingly difficult for many people to enter and settle in this country. This resulted in changes to the ‘British way of life’ and the UK became known as a multicultural community. However, more recently the term multiculturalism is becoming a contested concept both in sociological discourse and in recent policy making. Current Government policy initiatives, which are largely driven by past mistakes, is to have some idea of the makeup of different ethnic communities in order to establish whether these might provide some stability for incoming asylum seekers/refugees (Spencer, 2001). It is only in the last 10-15 years that the Government has collected data that relates specifically to diverse ethnic groups e.g. the 1991 and 2001 census datum. Present Government, faced with an influx of asylum seekers, is also confronted with the dilemma of fears for national identity that dates back to the mass immigration of the 1960s (Stalker, 2002). This paper will explain and discuss the concept of multiculturalism and the contested nature of the term as it relates to social policy and discourses. Multiculturalism†¦is a theory (albeit vague) about the foundations of a culture rather than a practice which subsumes cultural ideas (Harrison, 1984:1).[1] The Roots of Multiculturalism The 1914 and 1948 Nationality Acts did not impose any restrictions on immigration to Britain from those migrating from Commonwealth countries or those countries that had been a part of the British Empire. Immigration remained fairly low, however until after 1948. In 1953 the total number of immigrants to Britain was 2000 and by the end of the first half of 1962 the number had risen to 94,500 (Layton-Henry, 1992:13).Fifty years ago, when the UK first felt the effects of mass immigration there was a growing recognition that this would require legal, policy, and political changes. At the same time Government was largely concerned with incoming groups being assimilated or integrated into the host community. Thus, Massey (1991) has argued that in many ways the immediate post-war approach to immigration was very much one of laissez-faire. †¦.the assumption was that everyone was equal before the law, and therefore no special policies were necessary (Massey, 1991:9). It has since come to be recognised by both diverse ethnic groups, and by the Government that this operated as a form of cultural imperialism that was bound to fail because of its tendency to view any culture, other than that of the white middle classes, as an inferior cultural form which evoked racism and alienation among and between groups (Parker-Jenkins et al 2005). By the mid-50s it was recognised that the idea that immigrants would just be absorbed into, and subsumed by, the host culture was a mistake. Cashmore (1989) has argued that there was an increased racial tension and by the closing years of the 1950s immigrants were subjected to unprovoked racist attacks. This resulted in the notion that immigration and race relations were politically controversial issues and there was a growing campaign to introduce immigration controls. Skellington and Morris (1992) have argued that the term immigrant is often used to refer to people of a different colour, when in truth the vast majori ty of migration is found in white groups hailing from Europe, Canada and Ireland etc. In 1962 the Government introduced the Commonwealth Immigrants Act whereby members of the Commonwealth were denied entry to the UK unless they were able to fulfil certain criteria (Cashmore, 1989). If they fulfilled these criteria they were issued with vouchers that said they could enter if they had work to go to, if they were qualified in an area e.g. medicine that had a shortage in the UK and some vouchers were issued on the basis of the fact that the person had served in the armed forces during the war. Government tried to justify the Act and its requisite on the grounds that the increasing number of immigrants was contributing to the economic problems that Britain was facing at that time (Cashmore, 1989). The incoming Labour Government added further restrictions to the Act and in 1968 The Commonwealth Immigrants Act restricted entry to those who held British passports and they were subject to immigration controls unless they had a parent or grandparent who was a UK citizen or who had been born in the UK. Pilkington (1984) maintains that the act was discriminatory because it served to exclude coloured Kenyans unless they were given a voucher but allowed the entry of white Kenyans to Britain. Since that time there has been an increased tightening of immigration laws and procedures and an increasing sense of racial discrimination. Home Office figures for 1992 show that one out of every 63 Jamaicans and one out of every 82 Bangladeshis were refused entry compared one in 3000 Americans and one 4300 Swedes (Skellington, et al1996). The term multiculturalism is generally thought to have arisen in Britain in a speech by the then Home Secretary, Roy Jenkins in 1966. Multiculturalism is the notion that each culture has its own specific identifiable features and how the uniqueness of them relate to each other and to the host community (Parker-Jenkins et al, 2005).. There is however, a feeling that this form of multiculturalism is actually a threat to national identity while at the same time leading to a rich cultural exchange in terms of thought and lifestyle. While this term is current in the UK there are often instances where local politics can serve to exclude minority cultures while promoting the values of the dominant white culture.[2] Multiculturalism is also a term (and certainly as expressed by Roy Jenkins) which describes aspects of social policy. Multiculturalism in this sense is to be distinguished from the American view of the melting pot where differences are not subject to specific policy targeting but (in a laissez-faire manner) immigrant groups are more or less left to get on with things. Multiculturalism is used in a number of ways which can serve either to celebrate difference or to act as a cover for what, in any real terms, is another form of enforced assimilation. It also needs to be recognised that diverse ethnic groups now consist of large numbers of people who have been born in Britain (Modood et al, 1997). Multiculturalism and Policy Making Multiculturalism has sparked much debate during recent years. While it was largely ignored under Margaret Thatcher’s Government the success of New Labour has meant that the term has become a common currency in political debate and in policy making.[3] Policy making is important because it can determine the amount of representation (or lack of it) that diverse ethnicities receive in the press and on television, it also determines the content of education, forms of dress (particularly in schools but also with regards to policy on safety regulations e.g. the refusal of Sikhs to remove their turbans in order to wear a motor cycle helmet) and support for minority festivals and religious holidays. In the last two or three years however, the UK Government has focussed less on multicultural policy making and more on issues of inclusion and cohesion. In 1997 the ODPM was given responsibility for a social exclusion unit which aims to undertake research into a number of different areas. Social inclusion and cohesion are not just used in relation to diverse ethnic groups but are the basis for policy making in a number of other areas such as mental health, early years education and homelessness. Thus Government has a wealth of policy initiatives and this has led to a growth in the number of NGOs commissioning research on inclusion in a number of different areas. Issues of inclusion cover a host of areas and can range from the numbers of ethnic minorities using childcare facilities, to those undertaking further education of some kind to increase their employment prospects. Policy making aimed at reducing inequalities in both the labour and the housing market, and ongoing policy initiatives to combat racism are hampered by a dwindling job market and successive cuts in housing budgets. Braham et al (1992) argue that in order to be successful anti-racist strategies need to be multi-faceted and aimed at subjective, institutional, and structural racism. Past policies have been badly focussed and piecemeal because there is no clear consensus in Britain what equal opportunity and multiculturalism mean either in ideological or practical terms (Solomos and Back, 1996). Reports produced by the social exclusion unit may be aimed at reducing marginalization but often result in the labeling of minority groups, and specifically diverse minority ethnic groups, as a drain on the resources of society. Policies that target specific areas such as getting the population back into full employment tend to leave minority ethnic groups as particularly vulnerable to this type of labeling. According to a Policy Studies Institute (1982)[4] report found that in the majority of diverse ethnic communities rates of unemployment were twice as high among these groups as they were in the dominant host group. However, research undertaken by Modood et al (1997) reflects the fact that while there is a continuing disparity in terms of wages, exclusionary modes of hiring and higher unemployment rates, certain ethnic groups experience greater success in the labour market than do others. Iganski and Payne (1999) on the other hand maintain that while the occupational structure in Britain is experiencing rapid change the gains made by some ethnic groups should not be understood in terms of the end of disadvantage in the labour market. They also contend that these changes have occurred because the forces of industrial restructuring are greater than the forces of ethnic/racial discrimination and disadvantage. Housing policies also tend to discriminate against asylum seekers/refugees and other diverse ethnic groups. Struggles over access to such resources can result in what Weber (1976) has termed ‘group closure’. Access to housing resources varies between diverse ethnic groups, where some, particularly those of Indian origin, have rising levels of home ownership while other groups remain in sub-standard and hard to let accommodation (Ratcliffe, 1999). Clearly there are problems in the classification of diverse ethnic groups and in present policy making, which, instead of greater inclusion sometimes tends to further exclude such groups. Ballard’s (1990) research demonstrates that there needs to be a clear understanding and examination of cultural differences and structural forces before applying encompassing terms to diverse ethnic groupings. Conclusion There tends to be a general agreement among social theorists that existing classifications of the diverse groupings that go to make up the modern UK context are problematic and that this has implications for policy making. Not all sociologists find the term multiculturalism as a desirable one. For Solomos et al (1982) multiculturalism is part of a new racism that is based on the view that diverse ethnic groups are not compatible, thus Enoch Powell’s pronouncement that rivers of blood would flow because of the difficulty of mixing different cultural groups. Rattansi (1994) has argued that with the globalization process clear cut distinctions between groups may be undermined by the formation of new forms of ethnic identities. Solomos et al (1982) argue that minority groups need to struggle in order to gain power in society and to pursue a policy of anti-racism whereby the racism that exists in society and its institutions is exposed as there are some problems that cannot be reso lved through the pursuit of cultural tolerance. 2000 words Bibliography Spencer, S. 2001. UK Migration Policy 2001 London, Institute for Policy Research Stalker, P. (2002) â€Å"Migration Trends and Migration Policy in Europe† International Migration Vol 40 (5) pp 151-179 Banting, K. 2005 â€Å"The multicultural welfare state: international experience and North American narratives† Social Policy and Administration, vol.39, 2005, p.98-115 Braham, P. Rattansi, A. and Skellington, R. eds. 1982 Racism and Antiracism. London, Sage. Goldberg, D.T. 1993 Racist Culture. Oxford, Blackwell. Solomos, J and Back, L. 1996. Racism and Society. London, Macmillan Press. Giddens, A. 2001. (4th ed). Sociology. Cambridge, Polity Press. Layton-Henry, Z. 1992. The Politics of Immigration. Oxford, Blackwell Massey, I. 1991 More than Skin Deep London, Hodder and Stoughton Parker-Jenkins, M, Hartas, D. and Barrie, A. 2005. In Good Faith: Schools, Religion and Public Funding Hampshire, Ashgate Press. Cashmore, E. 1989 United Kingdom? London, Unwin-Hyman Skellington R. and Morris, P. 1992 Race in Britain Today London, Sage Pilkington, A. 1984 Race Relations in Britain Slough, OUP. Modood, T. and Berthood R. 1997 Ethnic Minorities in Britain Diversities and Disadvantage London, PSI ODPM. 2004 Tackling Social Exclusion: Taking Stock and Looking to the Future http://www.socialexclusionunit.gov.uk/downloaddoc.asp?id=13 page 17 Braham, P. Rattansi, A. and Skellington, R. eds. 1992 Racism and Antiracism.  London, Sage Ballard, R. 1990 â€Å"Marriage and Kinship† in Clarke, C. Peach, C. and Vertovec, S. eds. South Asians Overseas Cambridge, Cambridge University Press. Iganski, P. and Payne G. 1999 â€Å"Socio-economic restructuring and employment: the case of minority ethnic groups† British Journal of Sociology, 50 Weber, M. 1976 The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism London, Allen and Unwin (first published 1904-5). Ratcliffe, P. 1999 â€Å"Housing inequality and race: some critical reflections on the concept of ‘social exclusion† Ethnic and Racial Studies, 22 Solomos, J. Findlay, B. Jones, S and Gilroy, P. 1982 â€Å"The organic crisis of British capitalism and race: the experience of the 70s† in Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies 1982 1 [1] http://www.nationmaster.com/encyclopedia/Multiculturalism#Descriptive_Multiculturalism [2] http://www.nationmaster.com/encyclopedia/Multiculturalism#Descriptive_Multiculturalism [3] http://www.nationmaster.com/encyclopedia/Multiculturalism#Descriptive_Multiculturalism [4] Cited in Giddens, 2001:267

Asynchronous Transfer Mode Net :: essays research papers

Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) Networking Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) is, and will be for many years to come, the top of the line in networking technology. Since the creation of the Network (the ARPAnet (Advanced Research Project Agency Network)) scientists and engineers have strived to achieve the fastest information exchange speeds combined with the most cost-efficient hardware and software. Their products and ideas have always been based on packet technology and turn-based transfers; however, in the 1980s an experimental system called ATM challenged these axioms. The ATM consisted of a new topology - Asynchronism. ATM is one of many networking types, such as Ethernet and Token Ring, which differs from all networking types in its fundamental methods. Where all other networks use consistent timing to organize the information exchange (this is called Synchronism,) ATMs use start and stop bits to allow information to send itself when needed (Asynchronism.) When the information is allowed to be shipped, it has always been sent in groups of various sizes called packets. In ATM the information is sent in a standardized size, these uniform groups are called cells. New networking technology is accepted reluctantly, for choosing to buy yourself or your company a technology that does not become widely accepted means the waste of money, time, and energy. Due to this the users of ATM have been select until very recently. The major users of ATM are universities and research centers – both of who were given government â€Å"seed money† for the purpose. The users of ATM are growing very quickly and diversely as the fear of newness rubs off and envy grows toward the original users. Though the network was the primary application focus when Asynchronism was discovered, ATM networks are not the sole application of Asynchronism. Asynchronism was successfully tested in, and now used in dial-up modems, public Unix-based terminals and the like. This simpler uses of Asynchronism serves not only to advance the performance of their respective technology but also to further the general approval of ATM’s technique. Asynchronism provides a vast array of advantages over its predecessors. Behind the popularity of ATM, the evolution of networks, and the very existence of computers lies Asynchronism’s primary advance – speed. ATM transfers data from 155,52 Mbps (approximately the same speed as a Fast-Ethernet) up to 2.4888 Gbps (a speed which has never been achieved otherwise.) The average ATM network runs as three-times the speed of the Fast-Ethernet and approximately twenty-five-times that of a basic (switched) Token Ring. Asynchronous Transfer Mode Net :: essays research papers Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) Networking Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) is, and will be for many years to come, the top of the line in networking technology. Since the creation of the Network (the ARPAnet (Advanced Research Project Agency Network)) scientists and engineers have strived to achieve the fastest information exchange speeds combined with the most cost-efficient hardware and software. Their products and ideas have always been based on packet technology and turn-based transfers; however, in the 1980s an experimental system called ATM challenged these axioms. The ATM consisted of a new topology - Asynchronism. ATM is one of many networking types, such as Ethernet and Token Ring, which differs from all networking types in its fundamental methods. Where all other networks use consistent timing to organize the information exchange (this is called Synchronism,) ATMs use start and stop bits to allow information to send itself when needed (Asynchronism.) When the information is allowed to be shipped, it has always been sent in groups of various sizes called packets. In ATM the information is sent in a standardized size, these uniform groups are called cells. New networking technology is accepted reluctantly, for choosing to buy yourself or your company a technology that does not become widely accepted means the waste of money, time, and energy. Due to this the users of ATM have been select until very recently. The major users of ATM are universities and research centers – both of who were given government â€Å"seed money† for the purpose. The users of ATM are growing very quickly and diversely as the fear of newness rubs off and envy grows toward the original users. Though the network was the primary application focus when Asynchronism was discovered, ATM networks are not the sole application of Asynchronism. Asynchronism was successfully tested in, and now used in dial-up modems, public Unix-based terminals and the like. This simpler uses of Asynchronism serves not only to advance the performance of their respective technology but also to further the general approval of ATM’s technique. Asynchronism provides a vast array of advantages over its predecessors. Behind the popularity of ATM, the evolution of networks, and the very existence of computers lies Asynchronism’s primary advance – speed. ATM transfers data from 155,52 Mbps (approximately the same speed as a Fast-Ethernet) up to 2.4888 Gbps (a speed which has never been achieved otherwise.) The average ATM network runs as three-times the speed of the Fast-Ethernet and approximately twenty-five-times that of a basic (switched) Token Ring.